Penn State University -- School of Visual Arts
Spring 2014
ART 476 History of Digital Art
Professor: Eduardo Navas (eduardo@navasse.net)
Th 2:30 - 5:30 PM

Office Hours: Mondays 11 - 2 PM, Visual Arts 207A
Please contact me at: ean13@psu.edu

Syllabus:
Online
PDF

 

ASSIGNMENTS WEEKLY SITES

Week 17:

Thursday, May 8, 2014

Part 2 of Essay due on May 5 at 12 PM.

 


Week 16
Thursday, May 1, 2014

Final Lecture, Part 1 of Essay due

 


Week 15:
Thursday, April 24, 2014

Read and be ready to discuss:

Digital Culture, Chapter 5, "Digital Resitances"

Hansen, New Philosophy, Chapter 6, pp. 197 - 234

Answer questions available on Angel. Discussion takes place from Friday, April 25 to Wednesday, April 30, 2013.


Week 14:
Thursday, April 17, 2014

Read and be ready to discuss:

Hansen, Chapter 4, "Affect as Interface" and Chapter 5, "What's Virtual about VR?" 126 - 195

Answer questions available on Angel. Discussion takes place from Friday, April 18 to Wednesday, April 23, 2014.

 


Week 13:
Thursday, April 10, 2014

Final Essay Guidelines Released

Read and be ready to discuss:

Digital Culture, Chapter 4, "The Digital Counter Culture"

Finish Reading Deleuze's "Of the Refrain," PDF

Answer questions available on Angel. Discussion takes place from Friday, April 11 to Wednesday, April 16, 2014.

 


Week 12:
Thursday, April 3, 2014

Read and be ready to discuss:

Digital Art, Chapter 3, "Themes in Digital Art"

Begin Reading Deleuze's "Of the Refrain," PDF

Answer questions available on Angel. Discussion takes place from Friday, April 4 to Wednesday, April 9, 2014.


Week 11:
Thursday, March 27, 2014

Read and be ready to discuss:

Digital Culture, Chapter 3, "The Digital Avant-Garde"

Finish reading: Mark B.N. Hansen, New Philosophy, Chapter 3, pp. 47 - 93

Answer questions available on Angel. Discussion takes place from Friday, March 28 to Wednesday, April 2, 2014.


Week 10:
Thursday, March 20, 2014

Read and be ready to discuss:

Digital Culture, Chapter 2, "The Cybernetic Era"

Begin reading Hansen, Chapter 3, "The Automation of Sight adn the Bodily Basis of Vision"

Answer questions available on Angel. Discussion takes place from Friday, March 19 to Wednesday, March 26, 2014.

 


Week 9:
Thursday, March 13, 2014

Spring Break

 


Week 8:
Thursday, March 6, 2014

Midterm Essay Due

Lecture on Media Art: Postmodernism and Posthumanism

 


Week 7:
Thursday, February 27, 2014

Midterm Essay Released

Read and be ready to discuss:

Digital Art: Chapter 2 "Digital Technologies as a Medium": 67 - 137

Bily Kluver, "Four Selections by Experiments in Art and Technology," in The New Media Reader, pp. 211 - 226 (PDF)
Vannevar Bush, "As we May Think" in the New Media Reader, pp. 35 - 48 (PDF)

Answer questions available on Angel. Discussion takes place from Friday, February 28 to Friday, March 7, 2014.


 

Week 6:
Thursday, February 20, 2014

Read and be ready to discuss:
Digital Culture, Chapter 1, "The beginnings of Digital Culture"
Finish Reading Hansen's New Philosophy, Chapter 2, "Framing the Digital Image"

Answer questions available on Angel. Discussion takes place from Friday, February 21, to Wednesday, February 26, 2014.

 


Week 5:
Thursday, February 13, 2014

Finish discussing Giorgio Agamben and Mark B. N. Hansen.

Begin reading Hansen, Chapter 2 (will be discussed along with Digital Culture's chapter 2 for week 6)

Answer questions available on Angel. Discussion takes place from Friday, February 14, to Wednesday, February 19, 2014.

 


Week 4:
Thursday, February 6, 2014

Read and be ready to discuss:
Mark B. N. Hansen, New Philosophy for New Media, pp. 1- 47

Answer questions available on Angel. Discussion takes place from Friday, February 7, to Wednesday, February 12, 2014.

 


Week 3:
Thursday, January 30, 2014


Read and be ready to discuss:
Digital Culture, pp. 1 - 16
Digital Art, pp. 1 - 67

Answer questions available on Angel. Discussion takes place from Friday, January 31, to Wednesday, February 5, 2014.

 


Week 2:
Thursday, January 23, 2014

Read and be ready to discuss:

David Hopkins, "The Politics of Modernism: Abstract Expressionism and the European Informel," After Modern Art: 1945 - 2000, pp. 5 - 34

David Hopkins, Postmodernism: Theory and Practice in the 1980s," After Modern Art: 1945 - 2000, pp. 197 - 231

Giorgio Agamben "What is an Apparatus?"

Answer questions available on Angel. Discussion takes place from Friday, January 24, to Wednesday, January 29, 2014.

 


Week 1:
Thursday, January 16, 2014


Introduction | Brief overview of the History of Digital Art
Lecture on Modernism, Postmodernism and New Media

 


 

Week 16:

Thursday, May 1, 2014

New Media's relation to Postmodernism and Globalization

The Century of the Self, Part 3:
http://redpill.tv/the-century-of-the-self-part-3/

Wafaa Bilal
http://wafaabilal.com/
The Paintball Project
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=F_L6BC9O0rY&list=
UUt11epfyqEV5qBYNakUbARQ&index=35

 


Week 15:

Thursday, April 24, 2014

Digital Facial Image, Social Media and the Future of Virtual Reality

Simon Penny, Fugitive (1995-97)
http://simonpenny.net/works/fugitive.html
Lecture: Designing Embodied Interaction: Aesthetic
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=I2TU0FipXes

Diane Gromala, Dancing with the Virtual Dervish (1993)
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=EIQw_QTshLU
Dancing with the Virtual Dervish - short
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-jKQDg85ecc

Michael Scroggins and Stewart Dickson, Topological Slide (1994)
http://michaelscroggins.wordpress.com/topological-slide/

Teresa Wennberg Parallel Dimensions (1998)
http://digitalarts.lmc.gatech.edu/unesco/vr/artists/vr_a_twennberg.html

Pavel Smetana, The Room of Desires (1996)
http://www.smetana.cz/index.php?lang=en&node=107&catid=107&id=12

Roberto Lazzarini, Skull (2000)
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4F6KrIUsigk

History of Virtual Reality:
http://archive.ncsa.illinois.edu/Cyberia/VETopLevels/VR.History.html

A Critical History of Computer Graphics and Animation
https://design.osu.edu/carlson/history/lesson17.html

 


Week 14:

Thursday, April 17, 2014

Digital Facial Image and its relation to Social Media

Kristen Geisler
http://www.kirstengeisler.com/en/werke/

Inez van Lamsweerde:
http://www.gagosian.com/artists/inez-van-lamsweerde-and-vinoodh-matadin

http://kirstinhanssen.wordpress.com/2010/03/29/to-look-forward-to-inez-vinoodh-foam/

Luc Courchesne, "Portrait One" (1990)
http://www.fondation-langlois.org/html/e/page.php?NumPage=157
http://vimeo.com/5827424

Alba d'Urbano, "touch Me" (1995)
http://www.durbano.de/touchme/

Mongrel, Color Separation (1998)
http://www.mongrel.org.uk/colourseparation

Michael Mandiberg:
Shop Mandiberg
http://mandiberg.com/shop/
After Sherrie Levine:
http://www.aftersherrielevine.com/
After Walker Evans
http://www.afterwalkerevans.com/

 

Everything is a Remix Part 1
http://vimeo.com/14912890
Everything is a Remix Part 2
http://vimeo.com/19447662
Everything is a Remix Part 3
http://vimeo.com/25380454
Everything is a Remix Part 4
http://vimeo.com/36881035

Douglas Rushkoff:
Generation Like
http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/generation-like/
The Persuaders
http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/shows/persuaders/
The Merchants of Cool
http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/shows/cool/

 


Week 13:

Thursday, April 10, 2014

Becoming the Refrain of New Media

John Cage about silence
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pcHnL7aS64Y

Roy Ascott (UK) - The Consciousness Reframed conference series
http://vimeo.com/54132103

Ray Johnson and Mail Art:
http://www.rayjohnson.org/The-Videos-An-Excerpt/

Roy Ascott's exhibition: "Syncretic Cybernetics
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=X_yssksIjYg

Roy Ascott, Syncretic Sense Exhibition
http://www.spacestudios.org.uk/whats-on/exhibitions/
roy-ascott-the-syncretic-sense

Fluxus Films:

Yoko Ono - 1965 - One (Fluxus Films)
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=P7wfaJupGQw
Fluxus - Wolf Vostell - Sun in your head
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=z5krhw54oqs
Fluxus Film: Zen For Film (Nam June Paik, 1962-1964)
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8z1sOsIrshU

Fluxfilm 08 George Maciunas - 1000 Frames (1966)
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kbWUQpUG1Gg
YouTube Mix of various art videos:
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=z5krhw54oqs&list=
RD02P7wfaJupGQw

Fluxus Films:
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=F56A0J8v32E&list=
PLwfb7Wa00Rk4X3Rp98Ja2nBJqJl4MQ9r

Vito Acconci
http://www.ubu.com/film/acconci.html
Laurie Anderson
http://www.ubu.com/film/anderson_l.html
Joseph Beuys
http://www.ubu.com/film/beuys.html
Chris Burden
http://www.ubu.com/film/burden.html
Paul McCarthy
http://www.ubu.com/film/mccarthy.html
Yoko Ono
http://www.ubu.com/film/ono.html
Nam June Paik
http://www.ubu.com/film/paik.html

 


Week 12

Thursday, April 2, 2014

1990s-2000s: Net.art and New Media, Part 2

Christa Sommerer & Laurent Mignonneau (1992-2006)
http://www.interface.ufg.ac.at/~christa-laurent/WORKS/index.html

Eduardo Kac
Teleporting An Unknown State (1994/96)
http://www.ekac.org/teleporting.html
Rara Avis (1996)
http://www.ekac.org/raraavis.html

Ben Fry, Valence (1999)
http://benfry.com/valence/

Lisa Jevbratt, C5 (1999)
http://128.111.69.4/~jevbratt/1_to_1/index_ng.html

John Klima, Ecosytm (2000)
http://www.cityarts.com/lmno/ecosystm.html

Natalie Bookchin, The Intruder (1999)
http://bookchin.net/projects/intruder.html
Metapet (2002)
http://bookchin.net/projects/metapet.htm

Ann-Marie Schleiner and Brody Condon, Velvet Strike (2002)
http://www.opensorcery.net/velvet-strike/

Michael Mandiberg:
Shop Mandiberg
http://mandiberg.com/shop/
After Sherrie Levine:
http://www.aftersherrielevine.com/
After Walker Evans
http://www.afterwalkerevans.com/

Keith Obadike:
"Blackness for Sale"
http://obadike.tripod.com/ebay.html

Damali Ayo
"Rent-a-Negro"
http://www.salon.com/2003/05/14/ayo/
http://damaliayo.com/book%20promos/pages/How%20to%20Rent.htm

Jonnah Peretti and Chelsea Peretti:
"Black People Love Us"
http://www.blackpeopleloveus.com/

 

On Futurism and emobodiment:

Transcendence - Official Trailer 2
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QheoYw1BKJ4

Imogen Heap Electronic Gloves:
http://www.dezeen.com/2014/03/31/imogen-heap-gloves-mini-frontiers-movie/

 


Week 11
Thursday, March 27, 2014

Haptic Space, The Digital Image and New Media Art 1990s -2000s

Haptic Space:

Blade Runner (1982) Official Trailer
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=eogpIG53Cis
Blade Runner (1982) Movie CLIP - She's a Replicant
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yWPyRSURYFQ
Blade Runner Movie CLIP - Somebody Else's Memories
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NwJEb3vJvWY
Blade Runner Movie CLIP - The Prodigal Son
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=KcJs4qJPQ_M
Analysis of Blade Runner
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JVUjHTwIPvY

The Garden, Tamas Waliczky
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=J9I56Rgg0HQ
Focusing (1998), Tamas Walickzky
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RvZc0UOSGaA
The Forest (1993), Tamas Waliczky and Jeffrey Shaw
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=KiKP9JJqPag

Golden Calf (1995), Jeffrey Shaw
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=paaacEIF6wU

Lovers Leap (1995), Miroslaw Rogala
http://vimeo.com/47685756

 

The Digital Image and New Media Art 1990s -2000s

Netart Latino Database:
http://netart.org.uy/latino/

Ben Benjamin's Superbad (1995 - 97):
http://superbad.com/

@rtmark (1995 - 2003):
http://rtmark.com/history.html
e-toy:
http://www.etoy.com/

John F Simon Jr.(1997 - Present)
http://www.numeral.com/

Web Stalker, Matthew Fuller (1997):
http://bak.spc.org/iod/
http://artelectronicmedia.com/artwork/the-web-stalker
http://v2.nl/archive/works/the-web-stalker

The Shredder, Mark Napier (1998):
http://www.potatoland.org/shredder/shredder.html

Heavy Industries (2001 - Present):
http://www.yhchang.com/

Film Text, Mark Amerika (2001-02):
http://www.markamerika.com/filmtext/

Mouchette (1996 - Present):
http://www.mouchette.org/

 


Week 10:
Thursday, March 20, 2014

1990s-2000s: Net.art and New Media

Naming "net.art"
http://www.nettime.org/Lists-Archives/nettime-l-9703/msg00094.html

Olia Lialina:
http://art.teleportacia.org/olia.html
My Boyfriend Came Back from the War:
http://www.teleportacia.org/war/

Heath Bunting:
http://irational.org/
Bunting CV: http://irational.org/cgi-bin/cv2/temp.pl
Cybercafe: http://www.irational.org/cybercafe/
Readme: http://www.irational.org/heath/_readme.html

Jodi.org: http://wwwwwwwww.jodi.org/

Alexei Shulgin:
http://www.easylife.org/
Refresh: http://www.irational.org/fresh.html
Performance:
http://www.easylife.org/386dx/
http://video.dma.ucla.edu/video/alexei-shulgin-performance-with-386dx/12

Vuk Cosic:
http://www.ljudmila.org/~vuk/

Douglas Davis:
The World's First Collaborative Sentence:
http://artport.whitney.org/collection/davis/Sentence/sentence1.html

Ken Goldberg:
Tele-Garden: http://goldberg.berkeley.edu/garden/Ars/

Next 5 Minutes: http://www.next5minutes.org/about.jsp
The thing:

Thing.net: http://www.thing.net/
Nettime: http://www.nettime.org/
Rhizome: http://rhizome.org/
Turbulence: http://turbulence.org
Furtherfield: http://furtherfield.org
netartreview: http://netartreview.net

Digital Art:

Charles Cohen:
http://www.promulgator.com/

Alexander Apostol:
http://s107238961.onlinehome.us/07_residente.php

 


Week 7 and 8

Links for the Week of February 27, 2014

Lecture: New Media Installation and New Film Forms

Criticism of Kurzweil:
"Ray Kurzweil's Dubious New Theory of Mind"
http://www.newyorker.com/online/blogs/books/2012/11/
ray-kurzweils-dubious-new-theory-of-mind.html

Good Art Is Popular Because It's Good. Right?
http://www.npr.org/2014/02/27/282939233/good-art-is-popular-
because-its-good-right

"Social Influence the Puzzling Nature of Success in Cultural Markets"
http://books.google.com/books?hl=en&lr=&id=Tqf718wB2CUC&oi=
fnd&pg=PT383&dq=matthew+salganik+chance+art+mona+lisa+
peer+review&ots=hbYySNdyZf&sig=Oop5YDS3R9iJiu-cRPO4-a
RSfIo#v=onepage&q&f=false

A note on Posthumanism via... John Stewart:

"The Future of the Mind" Theories of Michio Kaku
http://www.thedailyshow.com/watch/tue-february-25-2014/michio-kaku

 

Historical links, pre-digital Media:

John Cage, Variations V:
http://www.ubu.com/film/cage_variations5.html

Jean Tingueley, Omage to New York and other recordings:
http://www.ubu.com/sound/tinguely.html
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0MqsWqBX4wQ

Philip Glass and Robert Wilson, Einstein on the Beach (1985)
http://www.ubu.com/film/glass_einstein.html

 

New Media Artists:

John F Simon Jr.(1997 - Present)
http://www.numeral.com/

Jeffrey Shaw
The Legible City
http://www.jeffrey-shaw.net/html_main/show_work.php?record_id=83

Rafael Lozano Hemmer:
http://www.lozano-hemmer.com/
Vectorial Elevation, Vancouver
http://www.vectorialvancouver.net/home.html

Erwin Rendl
http://www.paramedia.net/
Speed Shift (2006 - 2010) by Erwin Redl
http://vimeo.com/54042041

Ashid + Lise Anne Couture
www.asymptote.net/

Masaki Fujihata
Global Interior Project (1996)
http://vimeo.com/44299646

Carsten Nicolai & Marko Peljhan
http://polar-m.ycam.jp/about_en.html

Perry Hoberman
Cathartic User Interface
http://www.perryhoberman.com/page30/index.html

Wax web, David Blair (1993):
http://www.waxweb.org/

201 a space algorhithm, Jennifer and Kevin McCoy (2001):
http://www.mccoyspace.com/project/48/

Peter Horvath:
http://www.peterhorvath.net/

Christian Marclay, "The Clock"
http://boingboing.net/2013/02/28/christian-marclays-the-clo.html
http://wexarts.org/exhibitions/christian-marclay-clock
http://vimeo.com/34837140

No Ghost, Just a Shell, Phillippe Parreno and Pierre Huyghe (2000):
http://www.noghostjustashell.com/

 


Week 6:

Links for the Week of February 20, 2014

Lecture: Embodiment, Posthumanism and New Media, Part 2

Everything Is a Remix, part 3 "The Element of Creativity"
http://vimeo.com/25380454

There is No Ghost in the Shell: GITS Movie Analysis
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=upwkqW6REpA

 

Artists:

Jeffrey Shaw, Corpocinema (1967)
http://www.jeffrey-shaw.net/html_main/frameset-works.php
Jeffrey Shaw, Continous Sound and Image Moments (1966)
http://www.jeffrey-shaw.net/html_main/frameset-works.php
Jeffrey Shaw, EVE (1993)
http://www.jeffrey-shaw.net/html_main/frameset-works.php

Jochem Hendricks, Eye Drawings (1989 - 2006)
http://www.jochem-hendricks.de/_englisch/w_augen/non_index.htm

Robert Lazzarni:
http://www.robertlazzarini.com/

Karen Sander
http://www.karinsander.de/index.php?id=e2

 


Week 5:

Links for the Week of February 13, 2014

Lecture: Embodiment, Posthumanism, and New Media

"As We May Think" as it appeared in The Atlantic:
http://www.theatlantic.com/magazine/archive/1945/07/as-we-may-think/303881/

Douglas Engelbart's Demo:
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JfIgzSoTMOs
The Original Files:
http://sloan.stanford.edu/mousesite/1968Demo.html

2045: The Year Man Becomes Immortal
http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,2048299,00.html

Singularity: How Scared Should We Be?
http://www.time.com/time/video/player/0,32068,
784887564001_2048332,00.html

Ray Kurzweil on "I've Got a Secret":
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=X4Neivqp2K4

Ray Kurzweil TED Talk - Singularity University:
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QJsHRltEVBc

Ray Kurzweil: What does the future look like? - SSHF
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=H4axEZwLdno

 

Artists:

Stelarc, Ping body, (1999):
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wTYYJZG0f68
http://www.artelectronicmedia.com/document/stelarc-ping-body

Kenneth Feingold, Self-portrait at the Center of the Universe (1998-2001):
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=EK-7w56jN0E
http://www.kenfeingold.com/feingold/

Eduardo Kac, Time Capsule (1997):
http://www.ekac.org/figs.html

Adrianne Wortzel, Camouflage Town (2001):
http://vimeo.com/34525688

Natalie Jeremijenko:
http://www.nyu.edu/projects/xdesign/onetrees/

 


Week 4:

Links for the week of February 6, 2014

Lecture: What Makes Media New?

James Coleman, Box (1977)
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=db-MdUWgWK0

Paul Pfeiffer Art21 on YouTube:
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tIj4IpTATLM

Art + Com, The Invisible Shape of Things Past (ongoing since mid 00s)
http://www.artcom.de/en/projects/project/detail/the-invisible-shape-of-things-past/

Tamas Waliczky, The Way, video installation, (1995)
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HLhkg_WIqg0

Jeffrey Shaw, Eve (1993)
http://vimeo.com/2835227
Jeffrey Shaw, Place:A User's Manual (1995)
http://www.jeffrey-shaw.net/html_main/frameset-works.php
Jeffrey Shaw, Golden Calf (1994)
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=paaacEIF6wU

 


Week 3:

Links for the week of January 30, 2014

Preliminary History, Part 2

Jacquard Loom
http://www.ideafinder.com/history/inventions/jacquard.htm

Ada Lovelace
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ada_Lovelace

John Mauchly
https://www.library.upenn.edu/exhibits/rbm/mauchly/jwmintro.html

Presper Echert
http://www.computer.org/portal/web/awards/entrepreneuereckert

Herman Hollerith
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herman_Hollerith

 

Andreas Mueller Pohle:
Digital Scores I, II, III
http://www.muellerpohle.net/projects/scores.html
Face Codes
http://www.muellerpohle.net/projects/facecodes.html

 


Week 2:

Links for the week of of January 23, 2014

Preliminary History, Part 1

Charles Babbage: http://www.charlesbabbage.net/

ENIAC: http://www.columbia.edu/cu/computinghistory/eniac.html

UNIVAC: https://www.census.gov/history/www/innovations/technology/univac_i.html

History of the Internet: http://www.internetsociety.org/internet/what-internet/history-internet/brief-history-internet

Marcel Duchamp: http://www.marcelduchamp.net/artworkspage.php?show=all

Nam June Paik: http://www.paikstudios.com/
Electronic Superhighway:
http://americanart.si.edu/education/rs/artwork/
On YouTube:
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=llZTDXh7kp0

Alan Kaprow: http://www.medienkunstnetz.de/works/18-happenings-in-6-parts/

Sol Le Witt: http://remixtheory.net/?p=403
http://www.massmoca.org/lewitt/

Jon Whitney: http://computer-arts-society.com/static/cas/computerartsthesis/index.html%3Fpage_id=117.html

Douglas Davis: http://whitney.org/www/artport/collection/index.shtml

Jeffrey Shaw: http://www.jeffrey-shaw.net/

Nancy Burson, Composites:
http://www.medienkunstnetz.de/works/first-and-second-beauty/

Jenny Holzer, For the Guggenheim, 2008:
http://www.guggenheim.org/new-york/exhibitions/past/exhibit/2522

 


Week 1:

Links for the week of January 16, 2014

Introduction/Preliminary History

Marcel Duchamp: http://www.moma.org/collection/artist.php?artist_id=1634

Art & Language:
(Frieze, October 2005) http://www.frieze.com/issue/review/art_language1/

Jackson Pollock:
Biography http://www.biography.com/people/jackson-pollock-9443818
Jackson Pollock Documentary: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4G5hQWPP74s

Mark Rothko: http://www.markrothko.org/

Jasper Johns: http://www.pbs.org/wnet/americanmasters/episodes/jasper-johns/about-the-painter/54/

Robert Rauschenberg: http://www.pbs.org/wnet/americanmasters/episodes/robert-rauschenberg/about-the-artist/49/

Andy Warhol: http://www.biography.com/people/andy-warhol-9523875

Conceptual Art: http://www.theartstory.org/movement-conceptual-art.htm

E.A.T. Billy Kluver: http://www.fondation-langlois.org/html/e/page.php?NumPage=237

New Media and Internet Art Resources:
http://turbulence.org
http://rhizome.org
http://furtherfield.org